Motivated and Enthusiastic Child Psychologist Influences

Motivated and Enthusiastic Child Psychologist Influences Simranpreet K. Sidhu Introduction Child psychology is considered as a ‘new thing’ in the psychology workforce. And not many universities worldwide have a postgraduate course for child psychology. Definition of child psychologist Psychiatry and psychology are quite clearly like a pair of brothers with similar heritage in the general family life (Blain, 1946). Both pediatric psychology and clinical child psychology deal with children and they are both specialties within clinical psychology. In the present, instead of observing, recording, classifying what children do, child psychologists began to study how children do what they do. It took a decade from the development of a new importance in clinical child psychology for pediatric psychology to develop (Tuma, 1975). Pediatric psychology was defined by Wright (1967) as ‘any psychologist who finds himself dealing mainly with children in a medical setting which is nonpsychiatric in nature’ (Routh, 1975). The research and practices of Clinical Child Psychology are focused on understanding, preventing, diagnosing and treating psychological, cognitive, emotional, developmental, behavioral and family problems of children. Of particular importance to clinical child and adolescent psychologists is a scientific understanding of the basic psychological needs of children and adolescents and how the family and other social contexts influence socio-emotional adjustment, cognitive development, behavioral adaptation and health status of children and adolescents. There is an essential emphasis on a strong empirical research base recognizing the need for the documentation and further development of evidence-based assessments and treatments in clinical child and adolescent psychology (Clinical Child Psychology Formal Specialty Definition, 2005 as cited in Jackson, Alberts Roberts, 2010). History of child psychologist Child psychology is a product of ‘new marriage’ between clinical psychology and pediatrics as stated in an article written by Jerome Kagan in 1965. It is known that the existence of clinical psychology was first declared by Lightner Witmer in 1896 (Watson, 1953 as cited in Routh, 1975). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development was founded in 1962, which therefore supported much medical and psychological research related to child development and some professional training in pediatric psychology. In 1966, the first formal graduate program to train ‘pediatric psychologists’ was begun by the Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology at the University of Iowa (Routh, 1969) as cited in (Routh, 1975), with funding from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The year 1967 was a landmark for pediatric psychology where in that year, Logan Wright’s article, ‘Pediatric Psychology, A Role Model’, appeared in the American Psychologist (Routh, 1975). The potential role of child psychologists in the medical system was first described by Anderson (1930). Kagan emphasized the early detection of childhood disorders and especially each of the following: (a) the relationship between prenatal and perinatal abnormalities and future behavioral disturbance; (b) the early detection of severe childhood disturbance, especially the schizophrenias; (c) the early detection of psychosocial problems including academic retardation, psychopathy, delinquency, psychosomatic disturbances and phobias during the preschool and early school years; and (d) the application of theoretical knowledge and empirical generalizations to therapeutic regimens for children in his article named ‘new marriage’. Logan Wright saw that pediatric psychologists as being more behaviorally oriented than clinical-child psychologists (Mesibov, 1983). Reason for choosing to be a child psychologist Child psychology is a very interesting field for one to master in. If one loves children, they may want to consider child psychology as their job will be revolving around children. Children are God’s gift, they are miracle for hope. Children are just innocent angels. In the past, most of the psychological problems only occur during the adulthood period but not for children. But in the present, many roots of psychological problems kick off from childhood period but it is unknown, unrecognizable and not diagnosed until adulthood. In the very recent, problems starts off from when one is an embryo itself with many effects such as environmental pressure and drug abuse influencing the embryo and the mother-to-be. Child psychology is a very important field nowadays because most parents are not able to cope and handle their children. They need some form of advices and ideas on what to do and how. Some parents may also not know if their child has any psychological problem which may wor sen in the future if it is not recognized since young. Children are the future leaders of the country, we need to mould them from the beginning itself rather than when they are much older. It is no doubt a very challenging task, but one would be learning all along the whole process. Learning is a never ending process. Another main reason would be there is limited or no child psychologist at all in Malaysia, so it is very crucial that we have one or more. In this guided literature review, I will be relating child psychology to motivation as learnt in industrial and organizational psychology. Definition of motivation Motivation is the study of why people think and behave as they do (Graham Weiner, n.d.). Motivation is a power that emerges with the desire and effort, driving them to reach a certain goal (Budak, 2009; Eren, 2008; Pintrich, 2003; Pintrich Schunk, 2002; Woolfolk, 1998 as cited in Uyulgan Akkuzu, 2014). Dornyei (2009) emphasized that even if individuals have a great worth of learning skills, they will not be able to reach long-term targets without motivation (Uyulgan Akkuzu, 2014). Motivation is defined as a drive to fulfill a need (Aderman, 1999; Maslow, 1954; Murray, Poole Jones, 2006 as cited in Goodman, Jaffer, Keresztesi, Mamdani, Mokgatle, Musariri, Pires Schlechter, 2011). Body There are four motivation theories which are need theories of motivation, behavior-based theories of motivation, job design theories of motivation and cognitive theories of motivation. I will be only focusing on the extrinsic versus intrinsic motivation and also the goal-setting theory under the behavior-based theories of motivation. Behavior-based theories of motivation Extrinsic versus intrinsic motivation To be motivated means to be moved to do something. A person who feels no encouragement to act is therefore characterized as unmotivated, while someone who is energized toward an end is considered motivated. People have not only different amounts, but also different kinds of motivation. That is, they differ not only in level of motivation, but also in the direction of that motivation. The most basic difference is between intrinsic motivation, which refers to doing something because it is essentially interesting or enjoyable and extrinsic motivation, which refers to doing something because it leads to a discrete outcome (Ryan Deci, 2000). In defining motivation, it is important to draw a division between intrinsic motivation, which refers to engagement motivated by pleasure and extrinsic motivation, which refers to engagement motivated by external pressures (Henderlong Lepper, 2002). Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in a task for its own natural rewards whereas extrinsic motiv ation refers to engaging in a task in order to achieve some divisible outcome (Hayenga Corpus, 2010). Goal-setting theory Setting a specific hard goal versus a generalized goal of ‘do your best’ leads to extensive increases in performance. The setting of a goal that is both precise and demanding leads to an increase in performance because it makes clear to the individual what he is supposed to do (Latham and Baldes, 1975). Intention is a symbol of planned actions, whereas goal reflects the object or aim of actions. Intention is broader than goal. In goal-setting, action plans are sometimes called strategies. An objective is alike to what Garland (1985) called a task goal. The term personal goal is often used when discussing or measuring a person’s intention. Products (Naylor et al., 1980 as cited in Tubbs Ekeberg, 1991) are the direct results of actions and the focus of the objective. Both personal and environmental factors can have an effect. Personal factors are such as skills, abilities or willpower and environmental factors are such as time limits, task difficulty and the influe nce of other people moderate the intention-action relationship (Tubbs Ekeberg, 1991). So long as a person is committed to the goal, has the essential ability to attain it and does not have contradictory goals, there is a positive relationship between goal difficulty and task performance. Focusing on reaching a definite performance outcome on a new, complex task can lead to ‘tunnel vision’ – a focus on reaching the goal rather than on acquiring the skills required to reach it. Drach-Zahavy and Erez (2002) found that people who were made to view a situation as a risk achieved notably lower performance than did those who were made to view the situation as a challenge (Locke Latham, 2006). Goal setting may also help prevent dysfunctions in an organization (Austin Bobko, 1985). The theory also states that goals should be precise rather than broad. Commitment is needed to achieve goals and can be enhanced by two categories of factors that: (1) make the goal realizat ion important and (2) enhance individuals’ belief that they can accomplish the goal. People tend to prioritize goals based on their value (Locke Latham, 1990 as cited in Fried Slowik, 2004). Goal-setting theory also emphasizes that challenging goals cause people to work longer on a task (Fried Slowik, 2004). Relation of motivation to child psychology If one is motivated to do something, it really pushes them to go for it and achieve it. The level of common interest, which is formed during childhood and adolescence, affects the individual’s professional direction (Stoykova, 2013). Challenges and expected challenges of being a child psychologist The necessitate to train more child psychologists is apparent. A part of the challenge is that having inadequate resources to train the child psychologist and also to practice as a child psychologist. In pediatric settings, issue faced is related to restricted numbers of practicum spots (Clark, 2011). Nature of work of a child psychologist The main duty of clinical child psychologists is to provide therapeutic services for the wide range of cognitive, emotional, developmental, behavioral, social, medical and family problems portrayed by youth from infancy through adolescence. Clinical child psychology is a growing field of practice and research within professional psychology. Today clinical child psychologist accomplish professional roles in community programs in a diversity of settings such as community mental health centers and children’s hospitals, children’s service agencies as well as schools, juvenile justice, prevention programs, in-home intervention and outreach programs (Jackson, Alberts Roberts, 2010). The role of pediatric psychologists is: (a) instant screening for developmental difficulties; (b) early diagnosis of problems; (c) transmission of current knowledge of child development to pediatric staffs; (d) transmission of knowledge about child-rearing practices and (e) sensitization of medic al staff to the emotional needs of children (Mesibov, 1983). In Nigeria, the clinical child psychologist has three mutually dependent roles: teachers, clinician and researcher (Bakare, 1975). In Colombia, the clinical psychology works with children, adolescents and adults in both private practice and in institutions (Ardila, 1975). Ross (1972) defined the duties of clinical child psychologist as: (1) the prevention of psychological disorders and (2) the treatment of these disorders. The objective of the clinical child psychologist is to offer direct services to the child and his family, to diagnose and treat problem behaviors. Today’s clinical child psychologists use other than testing techniques for diagnosis, such as interviewing, observations of family interactions, etc., sometimes collaborating with other disciplines particularly the psychiatric social worker or the psychiatrist (Tuma, 1975). Pediatric psychologists have a significant role to play where they need to enhan ce pediatric practice by insuring that those in need of psychological services are willingly identified and treated (Willen, 2007). Maintenance of a sustainable level of motivation If one enjoys doing something or wishes to go for something they like, they must make sure they can achieve it and not giving up even though it is not easy as the saying goes ‘easier said than done’. One needs to consistently progress and remind ownself the motivating factor. Child psychology is something new, only a spark of interest can motivate one to pursue in the pathway of child psychology alongside with motivation to keep assisting the interest. Conclusion In a nutshell, the roles we play as child psychologists in the future will largely and solely depend on decisions we make now. Dreams are not easy to be achieved but we need to fight to realize our dream and goal in life. References Ardila, R. (1975). Roles of the clinical child psychologist in Colombia. Journal of Clinical  Child Psychology, 17-19. Austin, J. T. Bobko, P. (1985). Goal-setting theory: Unexplored areas and future research  needs. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58, 289-308. Bakare, C. G. M. (1975). The clinical child psychologist in Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Child  Psychology, 47-49. Blain, D. (1946). The psychiatrist and the psychologist. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Clark, S. L. (2011). Child psychology: Training challenges and opportunities. Psynopsis, le  Magazine des psychologies du Canada-Automne, 31. Fried, Y. Slowik, L. H. (2004). Enriching goal-setting theory with time: An integrated approach. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 404-422. Goodman, S., Jaffer, T., Keresztesi, M., Mamdani, F., Mokgatle, D., Musariri, M., Pires, J.   Schlechter, A. (2011). An investigation of the relationship between students’ motivation and academic performance as mediated by effort. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 373-385. Graham, S. Weiner, B. (n.d.). Theories and principles of motivation. National Science Foundation, 63-84. Hayenga, A. O. Corpus, J. H. (2010). Profiles of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: A  person-centered approach to motivation and achievement in middle school. Motiv Emot, 34, 371-383. doi: 10.1007/s11031-010-9181-x. Henderlong, J. Lepper, M. R. (2002). The effects of praise on children’s intrinsic  motivation: A review and synthesis. psychological bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 774-795. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.128.5.774. Jackson, Y., Alberts, F. L. Jr. Roberts, M. C. (2010). Clinical child psychology: A practice  specialty serving children, adolescents and their families. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, 75-81. doi: 10.1037/a0016156 Latham, G. P. Baldes, J. J. (1975). The â€Å"practical significance† of locke’s theory of goal  setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1), 122-124. Locke, E. A. Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory. Association for  Psychological Science, 15, 265-268. Mesibov, G. B. (1983). Evolution of pediatric psychology: Historical roots to future trends.  journal of pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 9(1), 3-11. Routh, D. K. (1975). The short history of pediatric psychology. Journal of Clinical Child  Psychology, 6-8. Ryan, R. M. Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and  new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. Stoykova, Z. (2013). Social interest and motivation. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 11(3), 286-290. Tubbs, M. E. Ekeberg, S. E. (1991). The role of intentions in work motivation:  Implications for goal-setting theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 190-199. Tuma, J. M. (1975). Pediatric psychologist†¦? Do you mean clinical child psychologist?.  Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 9-12. Uyulgan, M. A. Akkuzu, N. (2014). An overview of student teachers’ academic intrinsic  motivation. educational sciences: theory practice. Educational Consultancy and Research Center, 14(1), 24-32. doi: 10.12738/estp.2014.1.2013. Willen, E. (2007). Consultation and collaboration in the care of children and families: The  role of the pediatric psychologist. JSPN, 12(4), 290-293.

Dream Weaver

This act also ensures that nonfinancial contributions to a marriage are considered on the dissolution of the marriage, effectively achieving greater justice for women. However, many criticise this legislation for rendering divorce too easy, with 1/3 marriages ending in divorce A current focus area for law reform has been de facto families. Previously, the law did not allocate them legal recognition, as society perceived these relationships as immoral. Altering societal ethics led to their statutory recognition under the Property (Relationships) Act 1984 (NSW), granting them many of the same rights as married couples. However, whilst one party could claim maintenance upon the breakdown of a DFR, the law does not take into account future needs of the parties upon separation. The law also attempted to regulate the division of property however, less weight was given to non?financial contributions, shown in Turnbull v McGregor where the homemaker’s contribution to the property in a 32 yr relationship was valued at just 16%. This ineffectiveness was addressed with the Family Law Amendment (De Facto Financial Matters and Other Measures) Act 2008 (Cth), through enabling them to resolve their financial and parenting issues in the Family Law Court, using nationally consistent processes An important change in social attitudes has been the increasing acceptance of homosexual relationships. Statute law failed to reflect this shift in societal values, as it was changes to common law that fostered the legal recognition of same?sex couples. Various significant cases created law reform momentum, such as Hope and Brown v NIB Health Funds (1995), in which a same?sex couple successfully argued that their health fund had discriminated against them on the basis of sexual orientation, through denying them a ‘family’ status. Eventually the Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 1999 (NSW) altered the definition of a de facto relationship to non?gender specific, effectively incorporating homosexual couples. This provides protection in property division, maintenance and inheritance  © (2012) All Rights Reserved 1 of 3 For more info, go to www. scintheholidays. com. au Ongoing reform in the new millennium has attempted to eradicate all areas of discrimination, the most significant being the Miscellaneous acts Amendment (Same Sex Relationships) Bill 2008. It enabled equal parenting rights for the female partners of mothers and protected the rights of both parents upon separation. However, the modern definition of ma rriage, â€Å"the voluntary union for life of one man and woman to the exclusion of all others†, established in Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee (1866), remains exclusive of homosexual marriages. Significantly, it is now the only point of legislative inequality between same?sex couples and other couples. For same sex couples, legal recognition of their marriage signifies the provision of adequate legal protection. Until this barrier has been overcome, justice for same?sex family members will remain unachieved. Justice for children has recently been an area of legislative focus, with an emphasis on parental responsibility. The care and protection of children has been a primary focus of law reform. Children (Equality of Status) Act 1976 (NSW) states that all children, nuptial or ex? nuptial, are treated equally under the law. Parents are prohibited from using physical force on the head or neck of the child as punishment by the Crimes Amendment (Child Protection? Physical Mistreatment) Act 2002 (NSW), which effectively saw a father in Woy Woy sentenced to a one?year good behaviour bond after excessively disciplining his child. Perhaps the most significant reform is the Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006 (Cth). This law emphasises the changing nature of parental responsibility, as it enshrined the equal shared responsibility of both parents to care and protect the child as a primary objective. The government is clearly trying to move from the previous situation where over 95% of children are not in shared care Such law reforms justly place emphasis on the ‘best interests of the child’, effectively catering for their vulnerability, as well as reflecting society’s perception of parenting as a moral obligation. However, criticism has been directed at the preference for ‘shared parenting’ as it could more easily expose children to domestic violence. Furthermore, protests by Michael Fox in 2011 about the family law system’s bias against fathers, reflects the failure of the law to achieve justice for fathers. Holding up banners saying â€Å"Kids first†, Fox claimed that DOCS was a failed department. These areas of ineffectiveness highlight how the law’s emphasis on shared parenting is often more idealistic than it is effective. In the past, domestic violence (DV) has been an area where the law has failed to protect family members. Correlating with growing societal concerns, the law recognised DV as a crime under the Crimes (Domestic Violence) Amendment Act 1982 (NSW). Furthermore, the laws just recognition of the effects of DV is noted in the use of ‘battered women’s syndrome’ as a defence for murder. The recent introduction of the Domestic Violence Intervention Court Model improves the response of the criminal justice system to victims of DV, requiring police to immediately begin investigating and apply for an ADVO on hearing a DV report. This has been effective, with BOSCAR evaluating â€Å"victims reported that they were very satisfied with the police response†¦ they felt safe†. Ineffectively however, many are still victim to DV. R v. Aytugral (2009) revealed the law’s inability to protect Ms Bayrak from being murdered by her ex?partner. Furthermore, recent media reports state that DV has increased 3. 3% in Sydney. The use of birth technologies represents a contemporary issue concerning family law. The Artificial conception Act 1984 (NSW) states that the biological mother and her partner are the legal parents, protecting families that choose to undergo these procedures. However, the law has been widely condemned for being too slow in addressing many of the ethical issues in this area, such as the question of ownership of frozen embryos in case of both parent’s deaths. A major concern is the lack of legislation regarding

Words Used to Discuss Money

The words below are some of the most important used when talking about money and finance. Each group of words in related and each word has an example sentence to provide context for learning. Practice using these words in writing in daily discussions concerning money.  You can also learn idioms using money if these words are too easy.   Banking account - I have a savings and a checking account at the bank.bank statement - Most people view bank statements online these days.bankrupt - Unfortunately the business went bankrupt three years ago.borrow - She borrowed money to purchase a car.budget - Its important to stick to your budget in order to save money.cash - Rich prefers to pay with cash rather than by credit card.cashier - The cashier can ring this up for you.check - Could I pay by check or do you prefer cash?credit (card) - Id like to put this on my credit card and pay it off over three months.debit card - Nowadays, most people pay for daily expenses using a debit card.currency - I enjoyed living in Europe when there were many different colorful currencies.debt - Too much debt can ruin your life.deposit - I need to go to the bank and deposit a few checks.exchange rate - The exchange rate is very favorable today.interest (rate) - You can get a very low interest rate on this loan.invest - Its a good idea to invest some mon ey in real estate.investment - Peter made an investment in some stock and did very well.lend - Banks lend money to qualified customers.  loan - He took out a loan to purchase the car.mortgage - Most people have to take out a mortgage to buy a house.owe - I still owe $3,000 to the bank.pay - The boss paid his employees on the last Friday of each month.save - Save money every month and youll be happy someday.  savings - I keep my savings in a different bank with higher interest.withdraw - Id like to withdraw $500 from my account.   Buying bargain - I got a great bargain on a new car.bill - The bill for the repairs came to $250.cost - How much did that shirt cost?expense - Alice had some extra expenses this month.installments - You can pay in ten easy installments of $99.price - Im afraid I cant lower the price of the car.purchase - How much food did you purchase at the supermarket?purse - She left her purse at home, so Ill pay for lunch.receipt - Always keep receipts when purchasing electronics.reduction - Were offering a special price reduction today.refund - My daughter didnt like these pants. Can I get a refund?spend - How much money do you spend every month?wallet - He took $200 out of his wallet to pay for dinner. Earning bonus - Some bosses give a bonus at the end of the year.earn - She earns over $100,000 per year.  earnings - Our companies earnings were less than expected so the boss didnt give us a bonus.income - Did you have any investment income to declare?gross income - Our gross income rose 12% this year.net income - We had a lot of costs, so our net income fell.raise - Her boss gave her a raise because shes such a great employee.salary - The job has a great salary and a lot of benefits.  wage - Part-time jobs tend to pay hourly wages.   Giving collection - The church took a collection to help the poor family.donate - Its important to donate to charity these days.donation - You can make a tax-deductible donation to help us out.  fee - There are a few fees that youll have to pay.fine - I had to pay a fine because I was late with the payment.grant - The school received a governmental grant to do the research.income tax - Most countries have an income tax, but a few lucky ones dont.inheritance - SHe came into a large inheritance last year, so she doesnt need to work.pension - Many elderly live on a small pension.pocket money - Its important to give your children pocket money.rent - Rent is so expensive in this city.scholarship - If youre lucky, youll win a scholarship to attend university.tip - I always leave a tip unless the service is very bad.winnings - She invested her winnings from Las Vegas in a crazy company. Verbs add up - The bookkeeping doesnt add up correctly. Lets recalculate.go up / down - The price of the stock went up 14%.make ends meet - More and more people are finding it difficult to make ends meet these days.pay back - Tom paid back the loan in three years.pay into - I pay a small amount into a retirement account every month.put down - She put down $30,000 towards the purchase of the house.run out - Have you ever run out of money before the end of the month?save up - Ive saved up over $10,000 to buy a new car.take out - I need to take out a loan. Other Related Words profit - We made a great profit on the deal.  property - Property almost always goes up in value if you hold onto it long enough.valuable - The painting was very valuable.  value - The value of the dollar has decreased greatly over the past ten years.  waste of money - Smoking cigarettes is bad for your health and a waste of money.wealth - I think people spend too much time focusing on wealth.worthless - Unfortunately, that painting is worthless.   Descriptive Adjectives affluent - Affluent people dont always know how lucky they are.broke - As a student, I was always broke.generous - THe generous donor gave over $5,000.hard-up - Im afraid Peter is hard-up. He hasnt been able to find a job.mean - Shes very mean. She wouldnt even buy a baby a present.poor - He may be poor, but hes very friendly.prosperous - The prosperous man grew fat and lazy.rich - Everyone wants to be rich, but few really are.stingy - Dont be so stingy with your children.wealthy - Frank is one of the wealthy people in this town.well off - Jennifer is very well off and doesnt have to work for a living.   Learn words that go together with the word money to expand your vocabulary.

Kant s Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Morals - 1719 Words

An Analysis of a Few Elements in Immanuel Kant’s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals Immanuel Kant offered a reorientation on how the established questions of metaphysics can be resolved. He claimed that man’s mind constructs human experience and that reality must agree with the mind’s notions, in contradiction of the view that the mind is a reflection of reality. His interpretation was that the mind is capable of actively creating experiences instead of passively being shaped by reality. Kant further believed that man possesses an objective knowledge of the universe. A priori laws were the basis of this knowledge; but, questioned its possibility. His assertions specified that the subject provides the laws that create the experiences of objects and that these laws were a priori laws that man holds about all objects prior to man’s experiences about them. To understand these laws, Kant investigated man’s experiences, specifying those which are given by the mind apart from those which were provided by instincts. He further argued that moralit y is derived from reason and this reason is the origin of man’s morality, which he referred to as the Categorical Imperative. According to Kant, if this categorical imperative is defied, man becomes irrational and immoral. His logic consisted of inducing from people’s daily sensible knowledge of morality, which he referred to as practical reason, into metaphysical understanding. As Kant attempted to reorient anShow MoreRelatedEmmanuel Kant and Moral Theory1589 Words   |  6 Pagescontributions to moral theory is the concept of pure practical reason that, as an alternative to moral sense theory or teleological ethics, more positively views the capability of fallible individuals to act morally. Practical reason, the basis of Kantian metaphysics, was revolutionary because it challenged skepticism towards human moral capacities and insisted that the moral faculty is an implicit part of common human reason. Practical reason is an instrumental theory in Kants Metaphysics o f Morals and greatlyRead MoreImmanuel Kant And The Ford Pinto Case991 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant and The Ford Pinto Case Immanuel Kant ¶s theory on morals states that  ³nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. ´ 1 Kant points to other human qualities such as courage, intelligence, wit and others that are  ³undoubtedly good and desirable, ´ 2 however, can become bad if the will of the person using them is not good. Kant maintains that in order for an action to be considered moral, it shouldRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pagesand Obligation I Recall the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamental dilemma of metaethics. Either there are Read MoreKants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral803 Words   |  4 PagesKant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral The central concept of Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms withRead MoreThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words   |  5 PagesGroundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: Critique of Pure Reason In order to understand Kant’s position, we must first understand the philosophical environment that influenced his thinking. There are two major historical movements in the early modern period of philosophy that had a very large impact on Kant: Empiricism andRead MoreThe Metaphysic Of Morals By Immanuel Kant1199 Words   |  5 PagesGroundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant: A Reflection and Analysis Author name Name of institutionâ€Æ' In man’s attempt to figure out what is right or wrong, they have developed a number of systems that purportedly deal with such matters. Immanuel Kant expanded on his moral philosophy in his work, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals. This paper will be a reflection upon Kantian ethical principles presented therein and their relation to what is generally called morality. PeopleRead MoreThe Law Of Non Contradiction1581 Words   |  7 Pagessaid of one A must be held for the second A . It is a proposition that is either true or false, and a cornerstone notion for Kant in relation to god and morality. Also, known as the Law of non-contradiction. Concerning the Law of Identity, Leibniz reasoned that it could only be satisfied as a law in the abstract. Or, what could be said in the realm of metaphysics, or a different ontology. He concludes that because nothing in our sensory experience satisfies that law. If nothing in our sensoryRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesbe any set of ultimate principles, and there may be any number of moralities in different societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there are two which are usually compared to one another, Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Immanu el Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique ofRead More Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian Ethics Of Justice2753 Words   |  12 PagesImmanuel Kants The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism thatRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1387 Words   |  6 PagesImmanuel Kant. Mill, in Utilitarianism defines happiness as pleasure without pain. He builds upon this idea of happiness when establishing his moral philosophy, stating that the action that would bring about the maximum amount of happiness is the most moral action. On the other hand, Kant establishes happiness as well-being and a satisfaction with one’s condition. Kant, however, argues that happiness is too fully based upon one’s own personal experience to use as a grounds for a universal moral philosophy